Bio Data

Early Life and Noble Birth

Imam Hassan Al-Mujtaba (AS), the second Imam in Islam, was the son of Imam Ali (AS) and Sayyida Fatima Al-Zahra (SA) and the first grandson of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Revered for his wisdom, patience, and dedication to preserving the faith, Imam Hassan’s (AS) role in the history of the Ahlul Bayt (AS) is profound.

Imam Hassan (AS) was born on the 15th of Ramadan, 3 AH (625 CE) in Medina. His birth brought immense joy to the Prophet (PBUH), who named him “Hassan”, a name not previously used in Arabia, chosen by divine inspiration. From infancy, Imam Hassan was raised in the household of purity — Ahlul Bayt (AS). Surrounded by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), Imam Ali (AS), Bibi Fatima (SA), and later joined by Imam Hussain (AS), Imam Hassan grew up in an environment of unmatched spiritual guidance.

The Prophet (PBUH) often carried Hassan and Hussain on his shoulders and declared:

“Hassan and Hussain are the leaders of the youth of Paradise.”

Imam Hassan (AS) inherited his grandfather’s compassion, his father’s courage, and his mother’s purity. From a young age, he was known for his wisdom, generosity, and deep humility.

Salient Features of Imam Hasan ibn Ali Al-Mujtaba (AS)

The Grandson of the Prophet

Imam Hasan (AS) was the beloved grandson of the Prophet (PBUH), and the two shared a special bond. The love between the pair was seen in both private and public. No matter if the Prophet had other affairs or was tired, he always found the time to play with his grandsons, both Imam Hasan (AS) and his younger brother Imam Hussain (AS). Imam Hasan (AS) would chase the Prophet around in circles, and they would be heard laughing by all those who were around. If Imam Hasan (AS) wanted to play with the Prophet during his prayers, even then the Prophet never scolded his grandson. He would carry Imam Hasan (AS) on his back and say:

“O God! I love him, so you also love him!”

When the Prophet passed away, Imam Hasan (AS) was still a young boy of seven years who missed playing with his grandfather. His youthful age did not prevent the Prophet from recognizing his lofty station in the eyes of Allah. The Prophet was often heard praising Imam Hasan (AS). The Prophet would praise both grandsons when he repeated:

“Hasan and Hussain are the Masters of the Youth in Paradise.”

— Bihar al-Anwar, Vol. 43, p. 265, Allamah Majlisi

The Prophet would continue in further praise: “All the people of paradise are youths.” In other words, Imam Hasan (AS) is a leader among all the inhabitants of paradise. Through such narrations, the Prophet was remarking on the great qualities which Imam Hasan (AS) manifested. There is no doubt that Imam Hasan (AS) was the most qualified individual for the Divinely appointed post of Imam after his father Imam Ali (AS).

— Bihar al-Anwar, Vol. 43, p. 292, Allamah Majlisi

Al-Mujtaba – The Chosen One

Imam Hasan ibn Ali, al-Mujtaba (AS) was the second Imam, but what made him the Chosen One, al-Mujtaba? Imam Hasan (AS) lived with his father for about thirty years after the Prophet’s passing. During Imam Ali’s political leadership, Imam Hasan (AS) supported the establishment of justice with sacrifice and relentless effort. Before Imam Ali (AS) was martyred, he said:

“My son, the Messenger of God had commanded me to have you carry out my will (as successor), and turn my books and weapon over to you – just as he had me carry out his will (as successor) and turned his books and weapon over to me.”

— Al-A’immah al-Ithnay Ashar, p. 54, Sh. Jafar Subhani

He was divinely selected to be the successor of Imamate through the Prophet. He was also the perfect embodiment of what it means to be an Imam. Imam Hasan (AS) possessed certain qualities and characteristics that set him apart from other individuals. He was known for his generosity, kindness, and willingness to help others. He followed his mother’s saying, “Neighbors before ourselves,” perfectly. If anyone was ever hungry or in need of food, Imam Hasan (AS) always had a table with a spread of food ready for those who needed it. Such was the generosity and eagerness to take care of all those who came seeking help or guidance.

The Struggle Against Mu’awiyah

Imam Hasan (AS) was both the spiritual and political leader of his time. Perhaps one of the biggest political markers of his Imamate was his struggle against Mu’awiyah, the leader of the military campaigns against the innate message of Islam and all the values Imam Hasan (AS) stood for.

Despite the oppression of Mu’awiyah, Imam Hasan’s army was not in the state to fight another war. Different groups within the military were divided on their loyalties. Some fought alongside Imam Hasan (AS) simply because he opposed Mu’awiyah — they felt little devotion to Imam Hasan in any case. Others were Imam Hasan’s supporters out of blind loyalty to their tribal chiefs who had pledged allegiance to the Imam. Then there were the few who followed Imam Hasan (AS) with the awareness that he was the true successor to the Prophet.

— Seerat al-A’immah, pp. 97-99, Sh. Jafar Subhani

The vast majority of Imam Hasan’s military did not have the determination to fight against Mu’awiyah. For example, Imam Hasan (AS) appointed one of his officers to lead a division of 12,000 troops. A short while after, the officer had been bribed and turned over — along with 8,000 troops — to Mu’awiyah’s camp.

— Seerat al-A’immah, p. 101, Sh. Jafar Subhani

Imam Hasan (AS) was left with a military of shaken morale, subsequent betrayals within his own camp, and a ruthless enemy waiting to take advantage of the situation. Imam Hasan (AS) knew that the best way to preserve the message of the Prophet and minimize the loss of life was by agreeing to a treaty with Mu’awiyah. When Imam Hasan (AS) was questioned about his decision, he said:

“By God, I have not submitted the authority to him (Mu’awiyah). However, I have not found supporters. If I had supporters, I would have fought him day and night until God judges between us. But I knew the people of Kufah (the governing city at the time) and their predicament. The corrupt among them would not reform. They had no loyalty or responsibility in words or actions. They say that their hearts are with us, but, indeed, their swords are turned against us!”

— Seerat al-A’immah, p. 103, Sh. Jafar Subhani

Some Key Terms of the Treaty:

• Mu’awiyah would hold political authority, on the condition that he acts in accordance with the Book of God and the Prophetic Tradition
• Imam Hasan (AS) would resume political authority after Mu’awiyah. If anything happened to Imam Hasan, Imam Hussain would assume political authority, and Mu’awiyah had no right to appoint anyone
• Cursing Imam Ali (AS) and supplication against him in prayers would have to stop. Only good would be mentioned regarding Imam Ali (AS)
• Money in the treasury would be distributed among the children of those men who were martyred while fighting alongside Imam Ali (AS) in different battles against Mu’awiyah and other enemies
• People were to be safe, no matter where they were in Syria, Iraq, Hejaz, or Yemen. Mu’awiyah would not persecute others including the followers of Imam Ali (AS) based on past conflicts

Mu’awiyah wrote down these terms himself and sealed the document. He swore to abide by it in front of all the chiefs in his region. But he did not abide by it. Instead, Mu’awiyah proceeded with a policy of terrorism and persecution against anyone who was outwardly affiliated with Imam Ali’s family. Ironically, it was only after seeing the ugliness of Mu’awiyah’s rule that many citizens awakened to the righteous demands for justice for which Imam Hasan called. Imam Hasan’s wise decisions gave way to a mass revival that would culminate years later.

— Seerat al-A’immah, pp. 111-113, Sh. Jafar Subhani

Imam Hassan’s Role After the Prophet (PBUH)

After the Prophet’s passing, Imam Hassan witnessed political upheavals and divisions among Muslims. Despite the challenges, he remained a source of guidance, wisdom, and spiritual leadership. When Imam Ali (AS) became Caliph in 36 AH, Imam Hassan supported him throughout his rule, especially in the battles of Jamal, Siffin, and Nahrawan. After Imam Ali’s martyrdom in 40 AH, the mantle of leadership passed to Imam Hassan (AS). As the second Imam and rightful successor, Imam Hassan emphasized unity, justice, and the true teachings of Islam. However, his leadership was constantly challenged by Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, the governor of Syria, who sought political dominance over the Muslim Ummah.

The Peace Treaty With Muawiyah

One of the most defining events in Imam Hassan’s life was his peace treaty with Muawiyah. Though Imam Hassan commanded tens of thousands of loyal supporters, divisions, betrayal, and infiltration within his ranks weakened his army. Instead of dragging the Muslim Ummah into further bloodshed, Imam Hassan (AS) chose to sign a treaty with Muawiyah, a decision rooted in wisdom, foresight, and the preservation of Islam.

The key conditions of the treaty included:

• Muawiyah would rule by the Quran and Sunnah
• He would not appoint a successor, leaving the matter to the people
• The lives, honor, and wealth of Muslims would be protected
• Imam Hassan (AS) would continue as the spiritual authority of Muslims

This treaty highlighted Imam Hassan’s preference for peace over conflict, even at great personal sacrifice. While many criticized his decision at the time, history proved it was a move of divine wisdom, exposing Muawiyah’s betrayal of Islam and protecting the true essence of the faith.

Words of Wisdom from Imam Hasan ibn Ali, al-Mujtaba (AS)

A person once asked Imam al-Hasan (AS) why we hate death. He answered:

“Because you have demolished your hereafter and constructed your world (at the expense of demolishing your hereafter), and you hate to move from construction to destruction.”

— Al-Sadouq, Ma’ani al-akhbar, p. 390

“The soundest of hearts is the heart that is pure of suspicions.”

— Al-Harrani, Tuhaf al-uqool, p. 235

“The peak of intelligence is to treat people with beautiful conduct.”

— Al-Arbali, Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 2, p. 194

His Leadership and Challenges

During the caliphate of his father, Imam Ali (AS), Imam Hassan (AS) was instrumental in supporting his leadership. When believers pledged allegiance to Imam Ali, Imam Hassan (AS) delivered a speech at his father’s request. He actively participated in battles, including the Battle of Jamal, where he traveled to Kufa with Ammar ibn Yasir and Qays ibn Sa’d to rally support. During the Battle of Siffin, he not only delivered speeches but also commanded the right flank of the army alongside his brother, Imam Hussain (AS).

After the martyrdom of Amir Al-Mu’mineen (AS), Imam Hassan (AS) assumed leadership. However, he faced opposition from Mu’awiya, who sought control over the caliphate. Though many pledged allegiance to him, divisions persisted, particularly in Sham (modern-day Syria), where Mu’awiya’s influence was widespread. To prevent further bloodshed, Imam Hassan (AS) signed a peace treaty with Mu’awiya, though Mu’awiya later broke its terms. Despite the challenges, Imam Hassan (AS) remained a beacon of knowledge and wisdom, reportedly stating:

“Think, because thinking is the life of the heart of a man who sees and is the key to doors of wisdom.”

— Musnad al-Imam al-Hassan (AS), p. 718

Imam Hassan (AS) dedicated himself to worship and scholarship, frequently praying in the Mosque of the Prophet (PBUH) and addressing the concerns of those who sought guidance.

Betrayal and Poisoning Attempts

Despite the treaty, Muawiyah repeatedly violated its terms. He oppressed the followers of Imam Ali (AS), appointed his son Yazid as successor, and spread propaganda against Ahlul Bayt. Imam Hassan’s influence and popularity remained a threat to Muawiyah’s rule. Multiple assassination attempts were made against him, and eventually, Muawiyah conspired with Ju’dah bint Ash’ath, one of Imam Hassan’s wives. Bribed with promises of wealth and marriage to Yazid, Ju’dah poisoned Imam Hassan. This was not the first attempt, but it was the fatal one. Imam Hassan endured excruciating pain for days, yet he bore it with patience, constantly praising Allah and advising his followers to hold on to faith.

The Martyrdom of Imam Hassan (AS)

In the year 50 AH, Imam Hasan bin Ali (AS) was poisoned and martyred by one of his own wives who, as has been accounted by historians, had been motivated by Mu’awiyah. The latter did not want the caliphate to return back to Ali’s family; he wanted to remove all the obstacles from the way of his own son, Yazid, to inherit the kingdom. The Umayyids, against all the high principles of Islam and humanity, forcefully and violently barred the Banu Hashim from burying Imam Hasan next to his grandfather’s grave. He was finally buried in Jannatu’l-Baqi.

Imam Hasan’s patience and forbearance is even acknowledged by his enemies. Marwan bin Hakam, Mu’awiyah’s governor in Medina who always persecuted the Imam, participated in the latter’s funeral. Imam Husayn said, “While my brother was alive, you tried your best to oppose him and fight against him; and now you are showing up at his funeral!” Marwan said:

“Whatever I did, I did to a person whose forbearance was stronger than this mountain.”

(While pointing towards a mountain outside Medina.)

On the 28th of Safar, 50 AH, Imam Hassan (AS) succumbed to the effects of the poison. His body had turned fragile, and his internal organs were deeply damaged. His Shahadat shook Medina, and grief engulfed the Muslim Ummah. Before his passing, Imam Hassan made several important wills to his brother Imam Hussain (AS):

• To continue guiding the Ummah with patience and truth
• To remain steadfast against tyranny
• To protect the message of Islam at all costs

Imam Hassan’s Shahadat was not just the loss of a leader, but a symbol of the betrayal of Islamic values by those in power.

Burial at Jannat-ul-Baqi

Imam Hassan had wished to be buried near his grandfather, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). However, opposition from the ruling powers of Medina prevented this. In a heart-wrenching turn, arrows were even fired at his funeral procession. To avoid further conflict, Imam Hussain (AS) buried his elder brother in Jannat-ul-Baqi, Medina.

The Legacy of Imam Hassan (AS)

Imam Hassan was known as Karim Ahlul Bayt, the most generous of his time. Numerous historical narrations mention his unmatched charity. On multiple occasions, he gave away all his wealth in the way of Allah. His personality combined wisdom, humility, and strength. Despite being poisoned and betrayed, he never abandoned his principles of peace, patience, and justice.

Core Lessons From His Life:

• Peace Over War: True leadership seeks the unity of the Ummah, not division
• Patience in Adversity: Even in betrayal, Imam Hassan showed resilience
• Generosity and Compassion: He lived simply and gave generously
• Justice and Truth: He upheld Islam’s values against tyranny

Observances of Shahadat-e-Imam Hassan (AS)

Every year on the 28th of Safar, Muslims around the world mourn the martyrdom of Imam Hassan. Majalis, Ziyarat, elegies (Marsiya, Noha), Quranic recitations, and acts of charity are carried out to honor his memory. For many, this day is not only about grief but also about reflection — learning from his patience, his vision for unity, and his unwavering stance against injustice.

Imam Hassan’s Relevance in Today’s World

In our era of political divisions, wars, and struggles for power, Imam Hassan’s example shines as a beacon. His decision to prioritize peace over conflict, even at personal cost, remains one of the greatest acts of Islamic leadership.

For Muslims today:

• His generosity inspires charity and social welfare
• His patience teaches resilience in personal and communal struggles
• His commitment to unity reminds us to rise above sectarian and political disputes for the sake of Islam

خاتمة

The Shahadat of Imam Hassan (AS) is not just a historical event but a timeless lesson. His life embodied the Quranic values of patience, generosity, truth, and sacrifice. His martyrdom exposed the hypocrisy of rulers who misused religion for power, while his legacy continues to guide those who seek justice and peace. On every 28th of Safar, as we mourn his martyrdom, let us not only grieve but also live by his teachings — choosing patience over anger, peace over conflict, and truth over falsehood. Imam Hassan’s (AS) legacy is eternal, reminding humanity that the true path of Islam lies in love, sacrifice, and submission to Allah.

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